Medical Imaging

Basic physics of ultrasound – characteristic impedance, wavelength, frequency and velocity of propagation, Absorption, beam width, resolution. Ultra Sound in Medicine – Transducers and its types, Block diagram of an ultrasound machine. Principles of image formation, captureand display - A-mode, B-mode and M-mode displays, Applications, Doppler Ultrasound and Colour flow mapping

Principles of sectional imaging, Generations, data acquisition system, components, image formation principles, conversion of x-ray data into scan image. Image reconstruction from projections CT reconstruction - Radon transform, inverse radon transform, back projection, operator-convolution back projection, parallel beam geometry, Fan beam geometry. 2D image reconstruction techniques - Iteration and Fourier methods, Types of CT scanners – spiral CT, multi slice CT.

Basic principles of magnetic resonance – magnetic moment, FID, excitation and emission, principles of image formation. Basic MRI technique - T1 weighted imaging, T2 weighted imaging, spin density weighted imaging, Gradient echo imaging. Pulse sequences - spin echo, gradient echo imaging sequence. MRI instrumentation – magnets, gradient system, RF coils, receiver system. Image acquisition and reconstruction techniques – MRI Fourier reconstruction. Functional MRI, BOLD signal, Clinical applications.

Emission Computed Tomography, Radio isotope imaging, Radio nuclides for imaging, Rectilinear & Linear scanners, PET & SPECT – principle, Gamma Camera. Hybrid Imaging instrumentation, MR- PET Instrumentation, Mutual interference between MR and PET, MR Compatible PET detector technology, MR-PET system architecture. PET-CT, SPECT-CT.

Physics of thermography, IR Detectors - photon & thermal detectors, thermal uncooled IR detectors, resistive micro bolometers, pyroelectric and ferroelectric detectors, thermoelectric detectors. Pyroelectric vidicon camera, camera characterization, thermographic image processing.